Blogs

Climate change's cost to U.S. transit

Sheryl Canter — Tue, 15 Apr 2008 13:59:40 PDT

This post is by Sheryl Canter, an online writer and editorial manager at Environmental Defense Fund.

A new fact sheet on costs to U.S. transportation and infrastructure surveys the many ways that global warming will cause disruption and damage if we donât act to stop it.

Published by the Democratic Policy Committee, the fact sheet gives examples of known costs in different areas to give a sense of what the total might be -- and itâs big. Here are just a few examples from the transportation sector:

Flooding, droughts, and shipping on rivers.
In 1998, severe droughts stranded more than 4,000 barges, each capable of carrying 52,000 bushels of grain. Climate change increases the risk of similar droughts. At todayâs prices, the cost to the agriculture sector would be more than $1.2 billion.

Rail transportation.
Climate change increases the intensity of hurricanes, so we can expect more storms like Hurricane Katrina or worse. Reconstruction costs for the damage caused to rail transportation by Hurricane Katrina totaled about $300 million.

Muddy dirt roads and logging.
The frozen dirt roads that logging companies use will be muddy and difficult to traverse for more of the time. In Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, almost 100,000 people are employed in forest-based manufacturing jobs that generate annual payrolls of $3 billion.

These are just a few examples from the transportation section. The infrastructure section examines potential damage to pipelines and costs of highway deterioration. All the numbers are documented with reference links.

CDC says climate change threatens health

Sheryl Canter — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 12:44:24 PDT

This post is by Sheryl Canter, an online writer and editorial manager at Environmental Defense Fund.

At a congressional hearing last Wednesday, Howard Frumkin, a senior official at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said there was strong scientific evidence of major health problems due to climate change in the next few decades, including:

Heat waves that put children and the elderly at risk
Danger of droughts and floods from extreme weather
Increased food-borne and water-borne infectious diseases
Worsened air pollution due to higher temperatures
Migration into new areas of vector-borne diseases like malaria

At least he got to say it. Last October, CDC testimony on the health risks from global warming was censored by the White House.

Rep. Hilda Solis (D-Calif), who chaired the hearing, said she suspected that "a layer of screening" continues to limit what CDC officials are allowed to say.

While insisting that CDC had no position on EPAâs pending regulatory decisions, Frumpkin said, "â¦there is strong evidence that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas â¦ and there is strong evidence that climate change affects public health in many ways."

Measuring March

Tim Liotta, Managing Editor, Forecast Earth — Fri, 11 Apr 2008 09:56:33 PDT

In the long run, the debate will argue whether March served as a pause or a turning point on the road of evidence of climate change and the planet's recent warming trend. The 50 cities measured against their historical average by the Forecast Earth Temperature Index produced an average gain in March of less than two-tenths of a degree, far below the average gain of +1.48 degrees seen this past winter.

Wild swings of unseasonable warm and cold weather also fell off in March, as temperatures did a much better job of clinging to their historical averages - 18.8 percent of the month's readings checked in within 2 degrees, plus or minus, of their historical counterparts. During the months of January and February, just 11.6 temperature readings measured within that spread.

Index cities recording monthly averages above their historical measurements outnumbered their colder counterparts 27-23.

Caribou, Maine, dealt with the coldest March compared to its history, with its month's worth of temperatures averaging -5.5 degrees against the norm recorded in the National Climate Data Center Daily Normals (1971-2000). Madison, Wisconsin (-3.8), Detroit (-3.2) and Minneapolis-St. Paul (-3.1) were also among the coldest cities vs. history in March.

Washington, D.C., which measured out to be the warmest Index city (+8.2) compared to its historical average during the 91 days of winter, continued as the Index's warmest city in March, with a +6.1 reading compared to history. Los Angeles (+4.4), Norfolk, VA (+4.3), Dallas (+4.2), and San Antonio (+3.9) rounded out the five warmest cities.

Remember, there were 19 days of duplicated readings between the March and winter measurements.

Natural weed whacking

Trystan L. Bass — Fri, 04 Apr 2008 11:28:15 PDT

Spring showers may be making lawns green right now, but they can also help weeds sprout too.Â Plenty magazine reports that weeds are getting "more robust and aggressive, thanks, in part, to global warming."

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service has found that rising carbon dioxide levels and overall warmer temperatures are helping weeds in urban areas grow like, well, weeds. The USDA has measured city weeds four times as tall as usual.

So how can we deal with these annoying plants -- without dumping nasty chemicals into the ground and contaminating nearby water systems?

The Green Guide has some handy tips. For spot killing, pour boiling water on a weed. Vinegar is also a good herbicide.

You can buy organic herbicides too. These rely on strong acetic acid (the active ingredient in vinegar), plus essential plant oils.

Another method for ridding your garden of weeds is soil solarization. Basically, you cover the area with plastic tarp for a few weeks and bake out the weeds. This also kills fungal pests.

Of course, the best way to stop weeds is to prevent them. About.com has useful info about mulching, landscape fabrics, and even using corn gluten to keep weeds from rooting in the first place.

Something to think about for the next growing season!

News from the Antarctic

James Wang — Mon, 31 Mar 2008 15:08:25 PDT

This post is by James Wang, Ph.D., a climate scientist at Environmental Defense Fund.

This month, while Arctic sea ice hits its annual wintertime high (such as it is; see previous post), Antarctic sea ice reaches its summertime low.

Weâve written before about the British Antarctic Surveyâs report of a vast ice berg on the verge of breaking off the Wilkins Ice Shelf. Hereâs more on whatâs happening at the South Pole from NASAâs recent briefing on polar sea ice.

Although the Arctic and Antarctic are both at the Earthâs poles, theyâre not mirror images of each other. There are some fundamental differences between them. Antarctica is a land mass surrounded by an ocean, while the Arctic is basically an ocean surrounded by land.

Unlike the Arctic, the Antarctic typically has little perennial sea ice. There are two main reasons:

Because there are no surrounding continents, Antarctic sea ice can float northward into warmer waters where it melts.
Because itâs at a lower latitude, Antarctic sea ice receives more direct sunlight and heat in summer.

Almost all the sea ice that forms during the winter melts during the summer.

Â Â Click to view Windows Media Viewer streaming video.

Also unlike the Arctic, which is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth, surface measurements and satellite data in Antarctica havenât revealed overall trends in temperature or sea ice area.

Warming and sea ice loss in some areas -- notably the Antarctic Peninsula, where the iceberg is breaking from Wilkins Ice Shelf -- have been balanced by little temperature change or even cooling and sea ice gain in other areas.

Still, that doesnât prove thereâs no warming trend in Antarctica. Satellite data has only been available since the 1970s. Earlier observations from whaling ships suggest that there was a greater sea ice area before satellite observations were available.

If Antarctica isnât warming -- or if itâs warming at a slower rate -- it may be due to the atmospheric vortex circulation that surrounds it (from being a land mass centered at a pole and surrounded by ocean). This tends to hold in cold air. But thatâs just one hypothesis that scientists are exploring.

An extra hour of sun

Trystan L. Bass — Mon, 10 Mar 2008 14:08:36 PDT

It's not technically spring yet, but most of the U.S. sprang forward this past Sunday anyway. Daylight saving time (DST) started on March 9 this year, thanks to the changes brought about by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

Not everyone agrees that DST really saves much energy. As I mentioned when we fell back last November, studies in the 1970s suggested huge energy savings, but more recent savings looked much smaller.

Last month, the Wall Street Journal reported on a University of California-Santa Barbara study of Indiana households that showed DST actual cost raised electricity bills instead of lowering them.

The conclusion was that reducing lighting needs were offset by higher air-conditioning and heating needs. Then again, I wonder about more moderate climates -- few people I know here in California have AC, and we rarely have mornings cold enough to require a heater.

Regardless, the law right now is to set the clock an hour ahead. So why not take advantage of an extra hour of daylight in the evening?

Here are some great green things to do with the sunny time:

Use Walkscore to find new restaurants, cafes, shops, parks, and services that are within walking distance of your home or office. Check out a different place each week.

Take your dog for a walk -- and make sure to bring a supply of BioBags for the inevitable trail Fido will leave behind. BioBags are "plastic" bags made from starch and are 100% biodegradable and compostable (unlike standard plastics that are made from oil).

Water your plants and make sure you're giving them the just the right amount.

Go for a bike ride, either solo or take a friend, spouse, or the kids. Looking for bike rentals or help with repairs? Cruise through this directory of community bike programs.

Wash your car and clean out the inside. Carrying around junk in the trunk reduces your gas mileage significantly. Make sure to use an earth-friendly, biodegradable cleaner (I like Simple Green) on the outside, so any water runoff into the storm drains won't pollute.

Channel your old scouting days and carve a willow whistle.

Plan a microdrip irrigation system for a larger garden. You'll save water and probably money too in the long run.

String up a clothesline so you can start drying some of your clothes outside this year. Even if the weather isn't great right now, the heat will be on soon enough. Then you'll save money (and energy) by taking advantage of free sunshine.

Tee off at an Audubon-certified golf course (PDF). These are doubly green greens because they protect water quality and provide wildlife habitats, according to the environmental organization.

Get outside and enjoy the extra sunshine!

Two key climate terms to know

Lisa Moore — Fri, 29 Feb 2008 15:23:16 PST

This post is by Lisa Moore, Ph.D., a scientist in the Climate and Air program at Environmental Defense.

Scientists use some technical terms in discussing climate change that can cause confusion. Two that are especially useful to know are "forcing" and "feedback."

Youâll hear these terms a lot in discussions of how human activity impacts climate -- and especially when the topic turns to the melting Arctic. If you know what they mean, youâll have a much better understanding of the dynamics behind climate change.

"Forcing" and "feedback" both refer to effects on the Earthâs climate system.

Climate changes when thereâs a change in climate systemâs energy balance -- the amount of energy absorbed from the Sun, versus the amount of energy radiated back into space from Earthâs lower atmosphere and surface. A process that changes this energy balance -- and thus the climate -- is called a "climate forcing".

Many things can cause climate forcing. Some, like shifts in the Earthâs orbit around the Sun or volcanic eruptions, are natural events. Others, like increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, are caused by human activities. Climate change caused by human activity is called "anthropogenic forcing."

A climate feedback is an indirect (or "secondary") change within the climate system that occurs in response to a forcing. For example, warmer air can hold more water vapor, and water vapor can trap more solar energy in the atmosphere, augmenting the warming effect. This is a positive climate feedback because the secondary effect is in the same direction as the primary effect -- both are warming.

Another example of a positive climate feedback occurs with sea ice, which is why you hear the term "feedback" in discussions of Arctic warming. As temperatures rise, sea ice melts and exposes open water. Water is darker than ice so it reflects less sunlight and absorbs more energy. This augments the warming effect, leading to more sea ice melting, and so on in a loop.

Climate feedbacks also can be negative, reducing the initial effect rather than augmenting it. For example, increased water vapor in the atmosphere due to warming can lead to more cloud formation. Thick low clouds can block sunlight from reaching the Earth by reflecting it back into space. This creates a cooling effect -- a negative climate feedback.

Positive climate feedbacks are dangerous because they can accelerate climate change towards tipping points, critical thresholds at which a small change qualitatively alters the state of some Earth system. For example, the Greenland Ice Sheet could start a slow but irreversible meltdown if global temperature rises above a tipping point, which scientists warn could be just 2Â°F above todayâs temperature.

Tipping points also can trigger climate feedbacks. For example, if the Earth warms enough to melt permafrost (a tipping point for the Arctic region), the melted ground can release greenhouse gases that, in turn, accelerate warming. In fact, studies show that methane emissions are increasing from areas of thawing permafrost in Siberia.

Sound scary? It is. This is why many scientists are pushing hard for legislation to cap greenhouse gas emissions.

Did global warming stop in January?

Lisa Moore — Wed, 27 Feb 2008 13:44:30 PST

This post is by Lisa Moore, Ph.D., a scientist in the Climate and Air program at Environmental Defense.

January 2008 was the coldest month in several years, according to the scientific groups that track global temperature. Is it true, as DailyTech concludes, that Januaryâs cold "wipes out a century of warming"?

Has global warming stopped?

In a word, no. A single month does not make for a climate trend. Letâs look at the data.

Source: Raw data from the U.K.âs Met Office Hadley Centre (see description of data).

This graph shows "temperature anomalies" -- that is, the variation from a long-term average of temperatures between 1961 and 1990. A temperature anomaly of zero would mean the temperature is exactly equal to the long-term average -- neither warmer nor colder. (For more on how scientists take the globeâs temperature, see our previous post.)

As you can see from the graph, temperatures are trending upward over time in a zigzag pattern, not unlike the stock market. A shallow dip is followed by an even greater rise. Short-term dips should not be mistaken for long-term trends -- in the stock market or in climate!

January 2008 (circled in red) is cooler than other months in the past decade, but still significantly warmer than previous decades. Global warming isnât likely to have stopped in January 2008 any more than it stopped in March 1976, December 1984, November 1992, or February 1994. These are all short-term dips in a long-term trend.

Global warming is a process that occurs over decades. It canât be proven or disproven by a single monthâs temperature.

9 dangerous "tipping elements"

Lisa Moore — Wed, 13 Feb 2008 15:25:35 PST

This post is by Lisa Moore, Ph.D., a scientist in the Climate and Air program at Environmental Defense.

The term "tipping point" refers to a critical threshold at which a small change can qualitatively alter the state of a system. For example, when temperature reaches 32&Â°F, ice changes into water.

There also are "tipping points" in global warming. The best known is the Greenland Ice Sheet, which could begin a slow, irreversible meltdown if global temperature passes a certain threshold.

Last week, climate researchers published a paper that examines Earth systems in danger of passing tipping points due to human activity.

They call these "tipping elements" and highlight nine such systems from around the world. They say the greatest threat is to the Arctic, followed by the Greenland Ice Sheet.

Hereâs the list.

Arctic Summer Sea Ice
Critical Point: 0.5-2Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: High sensitivity/Small uncertainty

Sea ice extent is already decreasing, but total loss would devastate Arctic ecosystems. For example, polar bears, which use summer sea ice to hunt, would starve. Sea ice loss also can accelerate warming because ice is more reflective than open water. The authors warn that "a summer ice-loss threshold, if not already passed, may be very close and a transition could occur well within this century."
Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS)
Critical Point: 1-2Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: High sensitivity/Small uncertainty

A total meltdown of the GIS would eventually raise sea level about 20 feet. This studyâs range for the critical point is both lower and smaller than whatâs given in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, which estimated 1.3-4Â°C above present. The new estimate takes into account more recent research, including observations that both sea ice and ice sheets are melting faster than models predict.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS)
Critical Point: 3-5Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Medium sensitivity/Large uncertainty

A collapse of the WAIS would eventually raise sea level about 15 feet. Although the estimated critical point for the WAIS is higher than for the GIS, the authors note that the range is "clearly accessible within this century" and that the WAIS is more likely to cause rapid sea level rise than the GIS.
Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation (THC)
Critical Point: 3-5Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Low sensitivity/Medium uncertainty

THC refers to ocean circulation driven by density differences due to temperature and salinity (see this fact sheet for more). Significant slowing or a complete shutoff of circulation patterns in the Atlantic Ocean would affect regional climate patterns since THC transports heat from the tropics to Northern Europe. That doesnât mean Europeâs temperatures would plunge - the IPCC estimates it would simply warm less quickly - but itâs still a concern.
El NiÃ±o - Southern Oscillation
Critical Point: 3-6Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Medium sensitivity/Large uncertainty

El NiÃ±o causes warm water to move eastward so the Pacific Ocean releases more heat (see our previous post). Stronger El NiÃ±o events due to global warming would, for example, bring drought to Southeast Asia. This tipping element is interesting because the IPCC said there wasnât enough information to predict any particular change in El NiÃ±o patterns. The experts in this new study disagree, though they note that "the existence and location of any threshold is particularly uncertain."
Indian Summer Monsoon
Critical Point: Albedo above 0.5
Expert Assessment: Large uncertainty

The control parameter here is not temperature, but reflectivity (also called "albedo") which increases as a surface gets brighter. Land use change and aerosol pollution (for example, the sulfate particles Bill discussed in his post on geoengineering) can increase regional albedo, which weakens the monsoon. A decrease in monsoon precipitation could spell disaster for India, which depends on the rainfall for irrigation. The authors argue that the IPCC, which predicted an increase in monsoon precipitation, underestimated the effects of land use change and aerosols.
West African Monsoon
Critical Point: 3-5Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Medium sensitivity/Large uncertainty

Rainfall in Africaâs Sahara and Sahel regions could increase, leading to greening. This might harm plants and animals adapted to current conditions, but the societal impact could be very positive - a rare potential benefit of climate change.
Amazon Rainforest
Critical Point: 3-4Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Medium sensitivity/Large uncertainty

Warming could decrease precipitation and lengthen the Amazonian dry season, leading to forest dieback. Deforestation can accelerate warming, exacerbating the problem. The authors warn that land use change alone could bring the forest to a critical threshold.
Boreal Forest
Critical Point: 3-5Â°C above present
Expert Assessment: Medium sensitivity/Large uncertainty

Earthâs vast boreal forests cover the northern latitudes of Canada, Alaska, Europe and Russia. They store carbon, filter water, and support many rare and beautiful species. Boreal regions may become drier as temperatures rise, leaving these forests vulnerable to fire and disease.

This new study warns that weâre getting ever-closer to massive changes in key Earth systems, and that other tipping elements could surprise us. It gives us nine compelling reasons to cut emissions as much, and as soon, as possible.

2007: One of the warmest years on record

Lisa Moore — Tue, 05 Feb 2008 13:44:10 PST

This post is by Lisa Moore, Ph.D., a scientist in the Climate and Air program at Environmental Defense.

The results are in for 2007, and it was a warm one. How warm? It depends who you ask. According to NASA, 2007 was the second warmest year on record. NOAAâs analysis put it in fifth place. The University of East Angliaâs Climatic Research Unit (CRU) ranked it eighth.

The results differ because itâs not as straightforward as you might think to take the temperature of the globe. There are many subtleties to consider.

For one thing, how do you deal with that fact that temperature sensors arenât evenly spaced? Which temperature trend are you measuring -- just land, just ocean, or a combination of the two? And how do you handle "urban heat islands" -- the tendency of cities to become warmer than nearby rural areas?

Different research groups take different approaches. For example, NOAAâs map of temperature has grids of 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude. CRU, in addition to 1 x 1 degree grids, produces grids of 5 degrees latitude x 5 degrees longitude and 0.5 degrees latitude x 0.5 degrees longitude. And itâs not just about the grid. CRU doesnât extrapolate to include the Arctic, which is experiencing rapid warming; NASA does.

NASA scientists made two other observations to put 2007 in context. First, last yearâs warmth was "noteworthy because it occurs at a time when solar irradiance is at a minimum." And second, the Pacific Ocean has shifted into a La NiÃ±a phase, when global temperatures are normally cooler than average. So 2007 should have been cooler than average, yet itâs one of the hottest.

Despite the complexities in measurement, scientists agree on two things. No matter which trend youâre looking at or how the data are processed, global warming is unequivocal. And this warming is caused by increasing levels of greenhouse gases due to human activities. Itâs past time to cap our emissions!

Could it happen again?

Trystan L. Bass — Tue, 05 Feb 2008 12:28:53 PST

This is the fourth Mardi Gras since Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans and the U.S. gulf coast. Rebuilding projects continue, and some wonder if new levees will hold.

Scientists believe that hurricanes have become more frequent during the last century, and global warming is the likely culprit.

Even the most conservative scientific statements agree that human activity is significantly contributing to weather shifts, and we'll experience more extreme weather from now on. The American Meteorological Society predicts more intense precipitation and significant regional shifts in the patterns of rainfall. All of this may lead to persistent droughts and floods.

The Union of Concerned Scientists points out that increased rain plus melting glaciers will lead to rising sea levels. With so many people living on the coasts, more cities are threatened by storm swells and flooding ... just like Katrina.

California's capital of Sacramento currently lives with the greatest risk of flooding of any major American city. River levees were begun over 100 years ago, and not all of them have been upgraded.

The Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency recently declared that there's a 60% chance of a levee breach in some areas around the city. The Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency (PDF) estimates that at least 230,000 residents would be displaced in such a disaster, and the flood damages could cost $11.2 billion.

That's just one place where a Katrina-like disaster could be on the horizon. Some towns have already seen unusual flooding, like parts of Ohio in 2007. If you live in a river plain, expect the unexpected from now on.

It's not only folks with a beach view who have to worry, thanks to global climate change. Just another reason we all need to do our part and reduce carbon emissions in our everyday lives.

As a precautionary measure, homeowners should look into buying flood insurance. If you live in a recognized flood-prone area, you may be required to get it by your mortgage lender.

Everyone should assemble an emergency preparedness kit. The Red Cross has a good list of supplies for adults and children. Gather canned food, bottled water, first-aid supplies, flashlights, batteries, and other basics in a central place in your home. Make sure each family member knows where it is, and check on the contents at least once a year to replace stale food and expired batteries. Don't forget about your pets either!

All this gear is handy to have no matter where you live -- natural disasters, blackouts, and other emergencies can happen any time. One of the lessons Hurricane Katrina unfortunately taught us is that we have to look out for ourselves and our neighbors.

Will he see his shadow?

Trystan L. Bass — Fri, 01 Feb 2008 09:18:22 PST

Skeptics scoff, but it's hard to deny that we've experienced some unusual weather in the past few years.

Groundhogs seem to agree.

February 2 is Groundhog Day, the annual predictor of six more weeks of winter or an early spring, depending on where the little rodent's shadow lies. So if you don't believe world-renown scientists, how about a cute fuzzy marmot?

The Daily Green has a new video from Glen, the Global Warming Groundhog, and he's pretty confused about what to predict. The wild weather of 2007 threw him for a loop. Hard to say what he and his ground-dwelling brethren can predict for this year...

The Canary Project

Molly McCall — Wed, 31 Oct 2007 16:36:10 PDT

You don't have to see "An Inconvenient Truth" to know that there's a new kind of canary in the coal mine,in the form of Austria's desiccated glaciers or Costa Rica's enervated cloud forests.

At numerous places around the globe, the Earth is melting, drowning, drying up, or increasingly battered.

Since 2005, The Canary Project has dedicated itself to capturing large-scale photographic evidence of locations in the grip of such dramatic climate change.

In some cases, the landscape's physical grandeur belies its desperation. In other cases, such as Belize's coral reefs, the underwater world seems so clearly, and unnervingly, diminished, it looks almost dry.

The project doesn't restrict itself to nature's far fringes or deeply submerged realms, either. New Orleans and Venice, perhaps the most canary-like of all the world's great cities, figure prominently here.

Find the original review for this siteâand other reviews of the Web's coolest offeringsâon Yahoo! Picks.

Climate change: A guide for the perplexed

Molly McCall — Tue, 16 Oct 2007 08:51:20 PDT

In the past years, untold numbers of scientists, politicians, talking heads, and family members have gone mano-a-mano over the contentious issue of global warming. Is it real? How fast is it happening? And are the polar bears truly on the brink of extinction?

In May 2007, New Scientist stepped into the ring with Climate Change: A Guide for the Perplexed, a "round-up of the 26 most common climate myths and misconceptions." With brief answers and links to supplementary information, this manual on Earth's temperatures debunks such statements as "we can't do anything about climate change," "the oceans are actually cooling," "Hurricane Katrina was caused by global warming," and "it's all a conspiracy."

We even found a few we'd never heard of before, like "Mars and Pluto are warming too."

Finally, the guides addresses the fate of the "poster children of global warming"âno, not Al Gore and Sheryl Crow, but the wild and wooly polar bears. Consider us a little less perplexed.

Find the original review for this siteâand other reviews of the Web's coolest offeringsâon Yahoo! Picks.

Blogs

Climate change's cost to U.S. transit

CDC says climate change threatens health

Measuring March

Natural weed whacking

News from the Antarctic

An extra hour of sun

Two key climate terms to know

Did global warming stop in January?

9 dangerous "tipping elements"

2007: One of the warmest years on record

Could it happen again?

Will he see his shadow?

Top 10 global warming science stories of 2007

The Canary Project

Climate change: A guide for the perplexed